These experiences are not apparently reflected in any of the Pulp fiction he wrote during the mid-1940s, but do inform his first novel under his own name (not sf), Szpital Przemienienia (written 1948 1955 in omni 1975 trans William Brand as Hospital of the Transfiguration 1988). Lem's study of medicine was interrupted in World War Two by the Nazi occupation, which as a Jew he survived at great risk (most of his family were murdered in the Holocaust), working as a car mechanic and welder under false papers. Born in Lwów, he described his childhood and adolescence charmingly (if selectively) in the autobiographical Wysoki zamek ( 1966 trans Michael Kandel as Highcastle: A Remembrance 1995). (1921-2006) Polish critic, polymath and author, winner of numerous awards including the 1973 Polish State Literary Award.
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